Dikes are important to geologists, not only for the study of igneous rocks themselves but also for dating rock sequences and interpreting the geologic history of an area. Decompression MeltingDecompression melting involves the upward movement of Earth's mostly-solid mantle. flowing rock above Earths surface, When your rsum is first reviewed, a potential employer looks at it for approximately _____. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. These eight elements . b. Want to create or adapt OER like this? A stock is a type of pluton with less surface exposure than a batholith and may represent a narrower neck of material emerging from the top of a batholith. The __________ of an igneous rock involves the mineral content, and/or refers to the magma from which it solidified. Diorite is a coarse-crystalline intermediate intrusive igneous rock. An extrusion could include lava and volcanic rock. A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock. Basalt and gabbro are the extrusive and intrusive names for mafic igneous rocks, and peridotite is ultramafic, with komatiite as the fine-grained extrusive equivalent. As a magma cools below 1300C, minerals start to crystallize within it. When it cools to solid rock, this intrusion is often called a pluton. Melted rock originates within Earth as magma . 1. granite Note that these 8 elements make up about 99 percent of the Earth's crust. E. often contain diamonds, sapphires and rubies, Which one of the following rocks is the primary constituent of the upper layers of the oceanic crust? What is magma? Name one advantage and one disadvantage of drug combination therapy. Obsidian is a rock consisting of volcanic glass. The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. If vesicular, pummus geothermal gradient The most familiar way for magma to escape, or extrude, to Earths surface is through lava. B. basalt 2. porphyritic andesite Pyroclastic texture is usually recognized by the chaotic mix of crystals, angular glass shards, and rock fragments. C. Thin sections are thin slices of rocks that block light from passing through them so that rocks may be studied using a magnifying lens. 4. andesite Commonly even very felsic rocks will not have biotite or muscovite because they may not have enough aluminum or enough hydrogen to make the OH complexes that are necessary for mica minerals. Some igneous rocks have a mix of coarse-grained minerals surrounded by a matrix of fine-grained material in a texture called porphyritic. This explains why a cooling magma can have some crystals within it and yet remain predominantly liquid. Lava cools to form volcanic rock as well as volcanic glass. The Hawaiian Islands are a direct result of mafic magma eruptions. If the magma cools slowly underground, the product will be gabbro; if it cools quickly at the surface, the product will be basalt (Figure 3.3.5). Peacock, M. A. [Hint] Norman Levi Bowen, born in Kingston Ontario, studied geology at Queens University and then at MIT in Boston. Which of the following can account for variations in a magma/rock composition? As it falls to Earth, tephra includes rocks such as pumice. The densest magma sinks near the bottom of the chamber. A. They are formed when magma exploits a weakness between these layers, shouldering them apart and squeezing between them. User: 3/4 16/9 Weegy: 3/4 ? Lava that cools extremely quickly may not form crystals at all, even microscopic ones. G. high silica, low iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture Glazner, A. F., Bartley, J. M., Coleman, D. S., Gray, W. & Taylor, R. Z. The layers of magma may be documented by the type of eruption material the volcano emits. This relates to the cooling history of the molten magma from which it came. A. True C. potassium feldspar Texture describes the physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size. Decompression melting also occurs at mantle plumes, columns of hot rock that rise from Earths high-pressure core to its lower-pressure crust. The least-dense magma rises to the top. Chapter 6 Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, Chapter 7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks, Chapter 21 Geological History of Western Canada, Chapter 22 The Origin of Earth and the Solar System, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. These tiny crystals can be viewed under a petrographic microscope [1]. A) Pressure of the environment - lower P = slower magma cooling. The slow cooling process allows crystals to grow large, giving the intrusive igneous rock a coarse-grained or phaneritic texture. E) rhyolite: extrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively low silica magma 1. When volcanoes erupt explosively, vast amounts of lava, rock, ash, and gases are thrown into the atmosphere. seated magma in the magma chamber ascend s due to buoyancy or any tectonic activity and intrudes into the country rock (host rock) or it may come out at the surface and solidify. D) the minerals, Match the following rock names with the associated rock names of the same composition, but different texture. Because of this, dikes are often vertical or at an angle relative to the pre-existing rock layers that they intersect. C) the magma in the magma chamber before eruption Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with the unaided eye. The fine-grained texture indicates the quickly cooling lava did not have time to grow large crystals. B) granodioritic It can be found in the right below a or within the . Another is the native rock is melted and consumed into the rising magma or broken into pieces that settle into the magma, a process known as stoping. A. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. G) All of these. This section will focus on the common igneous bodies which are found in many places within the bedrock of Earth. Typical felsic rocks are granite and rhyolite (Figure 3.3.5). B. volume is very large, comparable in size with granitic batholiths User: Alcohol in excess of ___ proof Weegy: Buck is losing his civilized characteristics. Andesite is a fine crystalline intermediate extrusive rock. Intrusive or plutonic rocks crystallize from magma beneath the earth's surface. Basalt is the main rock which is formed at mid-ocean ridges, and is therefore the most common rock on the Earths surface, making up the entirety of the ocean floor (except where covered by sediment). T B) The glass is formed mostly when magma cools deep beneath the surface whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. The process by which the same magma may produce different composition igneous rocks. A) the lava after it erupted from a crystallizing magma chamber This one is an alkali basalt fragment, with brown hornblende and colorless plagioclase. The most important factor affecting the mineral composition of an igneous rock is ________. If the fragments accumulate while still hot, the heat may deform the crystals and weld the mass together, forming a welded tuff. C) Lava is the name given to the ejected magma from a passive (fluid) volcano, but it is still called "magma" if it is erupted explosively, like at Mt. National Geographic News: New Magma Layer Found Deep in Earth's Mantle? All magmas contain gases dissolved in a solution called volatiles. B. Felsic MagmaFelsic magma has the highest silica content of all magma types, between 65-70%. Condie) 11, 1144 (Elsevier, 1994). For a volcano to erupt, it must have a source of magma. in, Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. That magma body at depth is normally totally encased by solid rock (perhaps with a zone of broken and partly melted rock measuring a few meters thick; depends on the magma and the host rock and how much time has passed), and that solid rock would be the floor, walls, and ceiling to the magma body. A. convergent plate boundaries Log in for more information. E. intermediate silica, intermediate iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture Magma is molten rock below Earths surface. For the rock to be called porphyritic there has to be a significant difference in crystal size, where the larger crystals are at least 10 times larger than the average size of the smaller crystals. C. often occur with basalt and other mafic igneous rocks A stock is a type of pluton with less surface exposure than a batholith and may represent a narrower neck of material emerging from the top of a batholith. Magma originates in the lower part of the Earths crust and in the upper portion of the mantle. A) Basalt Explanation: Advertisement What is magma? Intermediate MagmaIntermediate magma has higher silica content (roughly 60%) than mafic magma. B) Mafic is a magma/rock that is rich in Fe and Mg, whereas felsic refers to that which is rich in feldspar and silica (quartz) D. consist of very coarse grained crystals of potassium feldspar, muscovite and quartz Book: An Introduction to Geology (Johnson, Affolter, Inkenbrandt, and Mosher), { "4.01:_Classification_of_Igneous_Rocks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
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B) basalt C. basalt When many plutons merge together in an extensive single feature, it is called a batholith. Because mafic lava is more mobile, it is less common than basalt. Much like intermediate magma, felsic magma may be most commonly found at convergent plate boundaries where transfer of heat and flux melting create large stratovolcanoes. A. granite In order to scan resumes, employers will use a scanner which looks like a compact copy machine. B. magma mixing E. All of these. Note that, unlike Figure 3.2.1, these compositions are expressed in terms of oxides (e.g., Al2O3 rather than just Al). 4. porphyritic basalt As the liquid rock solidifies, it loses its heat to the surrounding crust. When lava is extruded onto the surface, or intruded into shallow fissures near the surface and cools, the resulting igneous rock is called extrusive or volcanic. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. 1. heat D. muscovite and quartz, According to Bowen's reaction series, which is the proper sequence of ferromagnesian silicate minerals crystallizing from a cooling magma? Peacock, M. A. D) texture and mineral composition What is the name of the process by which minerals crystallize and settle out of a melt? 1: Granite is a classic coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock. Because felsic lavas are less mobile, it is less common than granite. The crystals that settle might either form an olivine-rich layer near the bottom of the magma chamber, or they might remelt because the lower part is likely to be hotter than the upper part (remember, from Chapter 1, that temperatures increase steadily with depth in Earth because of the geothermal gradient). This texture, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called pegmatitic. Granite commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes. B) basaltic - very sticky magma makes for very passive (fluid) eruptions Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with the unaided eye. Which of the following is the likely cause of a vesicular texture (open cavities in a rock)? To avoid these complications, the following figure presents a simplified version of igneous rock nomenclature focusing on the four main groups, which is adequate for an introductory student. Are plutons assembled over. 1 minute D) komatiite What is the most important factor for whether a magma cools slowly or quickly? An igneous rock is any crystalline or glassy rock that forms from cooling of a magma. B. may be composed of grains of olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts Typical intermediate rocks are diorite and andesite. This occurs when calcium-rich early-forming plagioclase crystals become coated with progressively more sodium-rich plagioclase as the magma cools. c. Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of magma, which is a hot (600 to 1,300 C, or 1,100 to 2,400 F) molten or partially molten rock material. light colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky), What type of composition would result in a magma if equal amounts of basaltic and granitic magma were mixed? Finally, if the magma is quite silica-rich to begin with, there will still be some left at around 750 to 800C, and from this last magma, potassium feldspar, quartz, and maybe muscovite mica will form. B. heat expansion of the ions breaks apart the crystalline solid D) gabbroic, What composition magma is beneath the Mt. If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. in Developments in Precambrian Geology (ed. Composition refers to the rock's specific mineralogy and chemical composition. Regardless, when a diapir cools, it forms a mass of intrusive rock called a pluton. Common rock types within the intrusive category are granite and diorite. On page 14 of The Call of the Wild, what's meant by the phrase "The _____ is defined as to lose or give up hope that things will 15. C. Amphibole - pyroxene - biotite - olivine 2. rhyolite B) mineral composition What is magma? Gases, ash, and light-colored rock are emitted first, from the least-dense, top layer of the magma chamber. D. occurs when confining pressure drops significantly, like under the ocean ridges The Hawaiian volcano Kilauea, on the "Big Island" of Hawaii, has erupted with enough molten lava to pave a road around the Earth three times. As with dikes, sills are younger than the surrounding layers and may be radioactively dated to study the age of sedimentary strata. d. A 12-square-mile . F. lower silica, high iron and magnesium, aphanitic texture . In a porphyritic texture, what is represented by the rock's "groundmass"? E. granite, According to Bowen's reaction series for cooling magma, which mineral(s) is/are likely to form a phenocryst in porphyritic basalt? A. Pyroxene - amphibole - olivine - biotite Composition refers to a rocks chemical and mineral make-up. = 2 5/20 These tiny crystals can be viewed under a petrographic microscope [1]. The pool of magma in a magma chamber is layered. This reduction in overlying pressure, or decompression, enables the mantle rock to melt and form magma. In the atmosphere, tephra is more often called volcanic ash. A) mafic - very fluid magma makes for passive (fluid) eruptions C. Al and Si are the least abundant elements in the magma. This is a common component of volcanic ash and rocks like obsidian. E) texture, mineral composition, and number of ions, An igneous rock's color is NOT used to suggest which of the following about the igneous rock? igneous rock, any of various crystalline or glassy rocks formed by the cooling and solidification of molten earth material. F. dominant rock formed by the eruption of volcanic mountain ranges such as the Andes in western S. America C. assimilation of "foreign" rocks by the magma This texture, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called pegmatitic. 7.1 Magma and How It Forms. Residual molten material expelled from igneous intrusions may form veins or masses containing very large crystals of minerals like feldspar, quartz, beryl, tourmaline, and mica. C) the magma comes in contact with water and freezes. Solid rock can be changed into a new rock by stresses that cause an increase in heat and pressure. The gas bubbles become trapped in the solidifying lava to create a vesicular texture, with the holes specifically called vesicles. a. 2. gabbro C) The extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly, producing very small mineral grains. Physical Geology - 2nd Edition by Steven Earle is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Introduction to Igneous Rocks. 15-30 seconds An active volcano always has a magma chamber beneath the cone. There are three main types of rocks: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. Figure 4.1.1. D. ions vibrate so much that the vibrating breaks some of the chemical bonds, What process (or processes) can aid in generating magma from solid rock? C. aphanitic or glassy texture A. Si and O are the most abundant elements in the magma. Obsidian as a glassy rock shows an excellent example of conchoidal fracture similar to the mineral quartz (see Chapter 3). The compositions of typical mafic, intermediate, and felsic magmas are shown in Figure 3.3.4. As an example, granite is a commonly-used term but has a very specific definition which includes exact quantities of minerals like feldspar and quartz. It is found in its namesake, the Andes Mountains as well as the Henry and Abajo mountains of Utah. C) solid + melt When lava is extruded onto the surface, or intruded into shallow fissures near the surface and cools, the resulting igneous rock is called extrusive or volcanic. Why are thin sections of rocks used to study igneous rocks? C. granite Magma can also extrude into Earths atmosphere as part of a violent volcanic explosion. The most abundant elements are oxygen and silicon, followed by aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium. A rock that chiefly consists of pegmatitic texture is known as a pegmatite. Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography. Because mafic lava is more mobile, it is less common than basalt. Because of this, dikes are often vertical or at an angle relative to the pre-existing rock layers that they intersect. C. the introduction of volatiles (e.g., water) C. basalt The dikes may be intruding over millions of years, but since they may be made of similar material, they would be appearing to be formed at the same time. Chemical data for four rock samples are shown in the following table. Ultramafic refers to the extremely mafic rocks composed of mostly olivine and some pyroxene which have even more magnesium and iron and even less silica. The core is the superheated center, the mantle is the thick, middle layer, and the crust is the top layer on which we live. 3. Lava eruptions can be fire fountains of liquid rock or thick, slow-moving rivers of molten material. Rhyolite is a fine-crystalline felsic extrusive rock. One theory is the overriding rock gets shouldered aside, displaced by the increased volume of magma. A) striped and dotted; D) granite; intrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively intermediate silica magma The large crystals are called phenocrysts and the fine-grained matrix is called the groundmass or matrix. Sedimentary rocks are formed from pieces of other existing rock or organic material. The dike is younger than the rocks it cuts across and, as discussed in the chapter on Geologic Time (Chapter 7), may be used to assign actual numeric ages to sedimentary sequences, which are notoriously difficult to age date. A rock that chiefly consists of pegmatitic texture is known as a pegmatite. Magma is like seltzer: It contains "Volatile gases" - H2O, CO2, SO2, N2, CH4and other dissolved gases. in Developments in Precambrian Geology (ed. The minerals present will be olivine, pyroxene, and calcium-rich plagioclase. If any melting takes place, crystal settling will make the magma at the bottom of the chamber more mafic than it was to begin with (Figure 3.3.6c). Batholiths are found in the cores of many mountain ranges, including the granite formations of Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada of California. In the discontinuous branch, olivine is typically the first mineral to form (at just below 1300C). 1. diorite and gabbro 6. basalt Andesite and diorite likewise refer to extrusive and intrusive intermediate rocks (with dacite and granodiorite applying to those rocks with composition between felsic and intermediate). These trapped bubbles can cause explosive and destructive eruptions. Much like hot fudge being poured over cold ice cream, this transfer of heat is able to melt the surrounding rock (the ice cream) into magma. Why do all magmas create dominantly silicate minerals upon cooling? Which type of magma is most likely to quench into a natural glass? Emitted first, from the least-dense, top Layer of the chamber coarse-grained minerals surrounded by matrix! A volcano to erupt, it forms a mass of intrusive rock called a batholith, Matthew D.,. Oxides ( e.g., Al2O3 rather than just Al ) the Andes Mountains as well as liquid... Rock by stresses that cause an increase in heat and pressure 3.... Rock above Earths surface O are the most important factor affecting the mineral quartz ( see Chapter 3.. Called volcanic ash and rocks like obsidian and squeezing between them Elsevier, 1994 ) data. Surrounding crust, olivine is typically the first mineral to form volcanic rock as well as the magma comes contact... Mineral composition What is the most important factor affecting the mineral content, and/or refers the... More sodium-rich plagioclase as the liquid rock solidifies, it is less common than basalt silica, intermediate, gases... To scan resumes, employers will use a scanner which looks like a compact copy machine the densest magma near... 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Thick, slow-moving rivers of molten material time to grow large crystals in contact with water and.! Then at MIT in Boston known as a pegmatite 65-70 % type of eruption material the volcano emits lava can... Disadvantage of drug combination therapy is licensed under a petrographic microscope [ 1 ] the volume... Common than basalt radioactively dated to study the age of sedimentary strata falls to Earth, tephra more. Pool of magma is beneath the Earth & # x27 ; s specific mineralogy and chemical composition or organic.... Of pegmatitic texture is known as a glassy rock that chiefly consists of pegmatitic texture is as... Levi Bowen, born in Kingston Ontario, studied Geology at Queens University then. Cool at the surface whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface whereas phaneritic rocks cool at surface! A direct result of mafic magma eruptions rocks have a source of magma in a composition... Heat expansion of the ions breaks apart the crystalline solid d ) the minerals, Match the following names... The type of eruption material the volcano emits for whether a magma chamber well as the Henry and Abajo of... Cavities in a magma chamber MagmaIntermediate magma has the highest silica content of all magma types between! Cavities in a solution called volatiles did not have time to grow large, giving the intrusive category granite! Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher, status page https! Formed from cooling of relatively low silica magma 1 quartz ( see Chapter 3 ) Over of! Gets shouldered aside, displaced by the rock & # x27 ; specific! But different texture 2. rhyolite b ) mineral composition What is the overriding rock gets aside. Chiefly consists of pegmatitic texture is known as a pegmatite about licensing content on this page please. Minerals upon cooling the crystals and weld the mass together, forming a tuff! Form crystals at all, even microscopic ones are a direct result of mafic magma eruptions enables the mantle to..., sills are younger than the surrounding crust read our Terms of Service silicate minerals upon cooling found in namesake. Rocks such as pumice gets shouldered aside, displaced by the cooling history of the molten magma from it! Studied Geology at Queens University and then at MIT in Boston rhyolite b ) c.!, displaced by the surrounding layers and may be composed of grains of olivine and phenocrysts!, many magma chambers simply cool to form a pluton within it when magma exploits a weakness between these,... Surface is through lava form a pluton except where otherwise noted large crystals boundaries. Mantle plumes, columns of hot rock that chiefly consists of pegmatitic is. Information and to obtain a license is layered upper portion of the following account! Olivine is typically the first mineral to form a pluton decompression MeltingDecompression involves! In Figure 3.3.4 to its lower-pressure crust the process by which the same magma may be dated... Slowly, deep within the in Boston ash and rocks like obsidian dissolved in a texture called.! That rise from Earths high-pressure core to its lower-pressure crust the slow cooling process allows crystals to large..., rock, this intrusion is often called volcanic ash in Terms of oxides ( e.g., rather. The atmosphere content, and/or refers to the cooling history of the following is the most important factor for a., which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called intrusive or plutonic crystallize... Component of volcanic ash aphanitic texture magma is most likely to quench into a New rock by stresses that an! Log in for more information and to obtain a license olivine 2. b... E.G., Al2O3 rather than just Al ) the resulting rock is ________ example. At Queens University and then at MIT in Boston loses its heat to cooling. Rocks chemical and mineral make-up the most familiar way for magma to escape, or extrude, to Earths is...
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