The country features 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, which is known as Abuja.The country of Nigeria features over five hundred different ethnic groups, many different languages, and declared its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960. More often the wealthy and highly placed people in the society purchase and develop coastal areas, by building residential mansions, hotels and sea-side resorts. Everyone wants to own a house, especially in Lagos, because the land is not large enough. This process is called artificial seedling recruitment on reclaimed land [16]. As a result, offshore systems such as coral reefs and eel grass beds are readily degraded. The loss to the environment is permanent and enormous because for over 34years no coastal species had grown in this area. It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . It is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance. The inflow and out flow of fresh water will change the hydrology and the biology of the river. Furthermore, census of species found in the area was made at the three study sites. Luloff, James By Jamilah Mohd Salim, Maizatul Azwa Radzi, Sheriza M IntechOpen Limited This includes zooplankton, phytoplankton, benthic organisms and fisheries. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. Anthropogenic activities around the coast is detrimental to its sustainability because of the addition of pollutants and contaminants [5]. Israeli police clashed Wednesday with protesters rallying against the government's judicial reform programme which critics say threatens democracy, as lawmakers held a preliminary vote on the latest controversial bill. The economy is all about the desire for resources and land. Oshodi, who was the immediate past vice chairman, Lagos branch of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP), said since the green-fields are shrinking within the city, water-bodies would continue to attract various development interests. The sand-filled area to date has no mangrove growth, but rather different grass species. You have entered an incorrect email address! I have spent so much fixing my boats and engines in the last two months because they keep getting stuck in the mud.. Not surprisingly, the country that is home to the largest population of the region also has by far the largest area under cultivation. Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam is backing a plan to throw $64 billion . Reclamation can be used to revert rain-deficient (arid) areas by irrigation, the removal of pollutants (salt, alkali, etc.) This estimate was made using Arc GIS [9]. We have carried out some investigations. The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. Evacuation of the tree stumps lead to the loss of many soil organisms from their habitat. However, many land reclamation activities are not development-centered, but business-centered. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. At about 345 people per square mile, it is also the most densely populated country in Africa. He cited the case of the massive flooding that ravaged Lekki, Ajah, Ikoyi and Lagos Island after a heavy rain, noting that it was the first time that Lagos lagoon would rise. Advertisement The tender for the. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. The dehydration of the intertidal areas cuts off dissolved oxygen and food supply to aquatic species. A future gas plant is to be located at the beach adjacent to Edko Town in the eastern part of Abu Qir Bay. The next kind of management is human management [19]. For instance, establishment of refinery in a locality leads to the reclamation of more coastal lands to harbor the cluster of people who come to seek for jobs. You set a kind of disequilibrium in the environment. residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). There are also some burrowing organisms that dig into shore sand. Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. The white patch indicates the sand filled area while the green patches indicates mangrove forest that is still standing. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. A concatenation of these activities changes the geography of the location, which eventually leads to the gradual loss of the coastal environment to landscape reclamation. The only one that Lagos state government is not involved is Imperial City which is done in partnership between the Elegushi Royal Family and Channeldrill Resources Limited. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. The city is situated on four main islands namely, Lagos, Victoria, Iddo, and Ikoyi which are all connected by a network of bridges. The marine coastal ecosystem is made up of different zones. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. In fact, the fear being nursed is that some of those areas face the threats of being submerged if the massive reclamation is not halted. The aim is to prevent the destruction of the ecosystem by human activities such as sand mining, exploration, hunting and fishing. This is a situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going ships. Licensee IntechOpen. But a land or coastal area that has been plundered and polluted may loss its economic value [2]. Sand mining is a thriving business in this area, which is done without proper environmental impact assessment or feasibility study. Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material. Loss of trees leads to increased soil erosion and increased sedimentation of river. Expansion of creeks allow for navigational activities, commerce and construction. 5 Princes Gate Court, If those locations belong to them by law, there should be no cause for alarm. According to the former deputy vice Chancellor, (Academic and Research), University of Lagos, Prof. Babajide Alo, land reclamation without due Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) could lead to serious environmental degradation. The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. Five ways human ecology influence reclamation of coastal environment include: Concentration: is a process whereby a given area becomes concentrated by human population due to the fertility of the land. On its right is the. These are commonly flooding because there is no shelter bay to take the runoff from the land areas. They stand to benefit from future developments in the axis. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. According to history, Minna was a labour camp for railway construction and this led to . Since the state Mined Land Reclamation Law was enacted in 1975, DEC has issued more than 4,800 mining permits and more than 3,000 mines have been reclaimed . For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. Industries also flock around coastal areas because of the ease of transportation of goods and equipments. We provide you with the latest breaking news. For instance, sand filling of a town named Buguma in the Niger Delta, Nigeria increased economic land at the detriment of the mangrove forest and other coastal species. The reason is to increase the land surface area for the purpose of building houses to accommodate more members of the community or establish more infrastructure. The region is predominantly lowland that stretches northward along both banks of Rivers Niger and Benue from the coast. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. According to him, artificial land reclamation activities have been an age-long war between man and nature, noting that Lagos state government needs to get things right and be careful as the exercise could lead to disastrous consequence. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. A Mined Land Reclamation permit is an approval to conduct regulated activities at a specific site. Few cities in the world actively reclaim land at the rate of Hong Kong and Singapore, with the practice deeply woven into each cities' history while also playing a key role in future development. Off-shore dredging also disfigures the sea bottom and destroy benthic organisms. Canalization is done to enable ships to berth at the wharf, without running aground. Some even consider the Land Use Act as the only law governing land and landed property in Nigeria. Simplicity and transparency. Today, we will consider other (though not all) land and landed property laws applicable in Nigeria. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. It could also lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic organisms. These activities are economically beneficial to farmers, but inimical to the environment. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. Bounded in the South by the Atlantic Ocean, the city is situated on the mainland, home to 70% of the city's population with series of islands and a peninsula that holds the remaining 30% (Ogunlesi, 2012). By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. This results to the killing of a large number of organisms such as sessile animals, for example anemones, mussels and barnacles that attach to rocks. This involves the conversion of coastal wetlands into terrestrial areas. Thus, village land would be held in trust and apportioned by the chief. Using satellite imagery, another group of researchers concluded that the Palm. Therefore, the best option is to remediate it so that it will carry out its ecological functions even if it results to another landform. Land reclamation is aimed at increasing the amount of land that is available and suitable for economic activities in various countries. I have noted four (4) problems/challenges people will most likely encounter in this line of business and also proffered some good solutions to them. Colombo is a wetland city at heart - but Sri Lankans need reminding too often, says ChethikaGunasiri, an environmental scientist with the Wetland Management Division of Sri Lanka's Land Reclamation and Development Corporation. A conceptualized reclamation pattern in coastal communities in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Experimental design of recruitment experiment in a sand dredged mangrove forest at Eagle Island in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The restoration of tidal force, edaphic factors and climatic effect will encourage natural recruitment of seedlings. (A) Graph of species population along sampling points (T1, T2 and T3) indicates a decrease in number of species from point T1 (high nutrient content) to point T3 (low nutrient content); and (B) graph of concentration of physico-chemicals along within sites T1, T2 and T3. The Governors of each states of the federation hold the land in trust for the Federal Government, and are entitled to be the sole signatory of all certificate of occupancy (C of O) before a piece of land is legally owned by an individual or group of individuals. The result indicates that Potassium and magnesium had the highest concentration. He explained that such development constrains the free flow of water in its natural direction and alter the flow alignment from the primary drainage channels across the city, leading to widespread flooding even with a little volume of rainfall. On the Ejigbo development, Dr. Salako pledged to stop the project, stressing that anyone who reclaims, sand-fill or dredges land in the state without clearance from the ministry of the waterfront is doing it illegally. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation production, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. Gracefield Island is another new joint project between the Lagos state government and Gravitas Investment Limited and it is expected to cover 100 hectares of land of the Lagos lagoon at the Northern end of the Chevron Way and the Northern Offshore of the Ajiran Land. Rehabilitation: we are trying to restore the original ecosystem but it cannot fully be restored because most of the species had gone extinct. Probably half of The Netherlands is a reclaimed land from the sea. It also affects soil-dwelling organisms from adverse impact on water and soil quality. Fast-growing cities in the Gulf and Southeast Asia are turning water into real estate at a spectacular pace and scale. In an assessment of over 136 port cities, the UN body ranked the city of Lagos as 38th as regards exposure to flooding. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This is the reclamation of a river for the purpose of constructing roads, residential quarters and industries [4]. UNITED KINGDOM, Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Reasons for land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Impact of land reclamation on mangrove and coastal environment, Impact of landscape reclamation on marine ecosystem, The role of human ecology in land reclamation. Land reclamation in the Niger Delta passes through five phases, which in all ramifications affect the environment. The developed islands worth is estimated at N40 billion and it is planned in a way that would accommodate a population of 25,000 people and it is also expected to play significant role as regards trade and economic activities within the axis and Lagos generally. He stressed that Lagos characteristic is majorly defined by informal activities stressing that it may not be a total surprise that a large -scale project such as sand filling reclamation or dredging could slip through formal process. The indirect causes include: (i) sand mining, (ii) exploratory activities, (iii) stream expansion/canalization, (iv) disturbance limitation and (v) agriculture (4050% of land surface is converted to agriculture and urban systems). Sen. Jarigbe Agom-Jarigbe on Wednesday in Calabar commended Cross Rivers Gov. from lands, the diking and draining of tidal marshes, the smoothing and re-vegetation of strip-mine spoil areas [8]. Sand filling of the coasts lead to the burial of millions of species. The area can be strictly protected against further anthropogenic activities to allow for evolutionary forces to change the restored environment. Land is highly priced and many have died for its sake through fratricidal wars and communal clashes because of its scarcity. Globally, half of the world mangroves have been destroyed [16] as people have reclaimed those areas as a result of coastal development. Chapter 6Reclamation Methods6.1 DRY METHOD6.2 HYDRAULIC RECLAMATION METHOD6.3 REHANDLING FROM A REHANDLING PIT6.4 HYDRAULIC FILLING6.5 SAND SPREADING6.6 PUMPING INSIDE THE BUNDSThere are several methods of land reclamation, depending upon the type of fill material, foundation soil, topography of the seabed, the availability of equipment, and allowable fine material for reclamation. Are economically beneficial to farmers, but business-centered sand dredged mangrove forest that is available and for! In Lagos, because the land is highly priced and many have died its! 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