greek theatre facts bbc bitesize

The Greeks were great thinkers, warriors, writers, actors, athletes, artists, architects and politicians. Interesting Facts About Greek Drama and Theater. Actors would change costumes in the skene. Ancient Greece in 18 minutes That's why pastoral care isn't just something that happens when things go . A festival honouring the god Dionysus was held in Athens, out of which three dramatic genres emerged: tragedy, comedy and the satyr play.Western theatre has its roots in the theatre of Ancient Greece and the plays that originated there. The Ancient Greeks worshipped lots of Gods and Goddesses, for different things! The ancient Greeks loved live theatre. Their theatres resembled Greek amphitheatres but were built on their own foundations and often enclosed on all sides. And many more, Although Dionysos is often thought of simply as the god of wine, it is the transformational power of wine that most characterises him. Read about our approach to external linking. Bbc's bitesize site has a whole british plethora of learning material. Some sopranos can sing one or more octaves above high C using the whistle . Comedies and tragedies entertained, but a well written satire could sway public opinion. Ancient Greece Lessons Pack A complete 10-lesson history unit of work for Key Stage 2 (ages 7-11), with detailed lesson plans, Powerpoint slides, teacher guides and printable activity sheets. The City Dionysia began with a magnificent procession carrying an image of Dionysos into the theatre. Acting 6. The Greeks learned about the alphabet from other ancient people, the Phoenicians. Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ideas, people and events that have shaped our world. Explore the Greek theatre online exhibition. We only know what they looked like because theatre was so popular in Greek and Roman times that models of actors and masks were made in other materials such as terracotta, stone and bronze and depicted on gems and in paintings and mosaics. Find out what ancient Greek theatre was like and learn about different ancient Greek festivals and art. The theatre of Ancient Greece flourished between 550 BC and 220 BC. This was followed by sacrifices and feasting. The ancient Greeks invented three types of plays. These songs told Who were the ancient Greeks? These songs told stories of the gods, the . The greeks built grand temples to their gods and superb sculptures of brave heroes. Western theatre has its roots in the theatre of Ancient Greece and the plays that originated there. Gods greek makes houghton primary homework help co uk greece. This film looks at a central conflict within the play of Antigone; Creons belief in the state weighed against the actions of his family. This film examines the role of the chorus, a defining aspect of the plays that emerged between 500BC and 220BC. Follow the Theaters link for an interactive plan of a later Greek theatre. Plays were either spoken or sung in rhyme. Explore. The Royal National Theatre is a registered charity no.224223. The chorus would be the equivalent to the "score" in modern theater. Featuring directors Katie Mitchell, Carrie Cracknell, Polly Findlay and actor Helen McCrory. National Theatre Greek statue of a woman. This is a survey of ancient Greek history from the Bronze Age to the death of Socrates in 399 BCE. The theatres were built on hillsides in the open air and could often hold more than 18,000 spectators. What was everyday life like in ancient Greece? It is designed to aid pupils in both schoolwork and, for older pupils, exams. Tragedies always had a sad ending. This film explores the role of women in Ancient Greek society and the representation of female identity in Antigone, Women of Troy and Medea. Greek plays were either comedies or tragedies. The Greek architects built theatres on hillsides. The festivals were attended by all Athenian citizens (women as well as men) and visitors from throughout Greece. Hercules Detective Agency. The theatre of Ancient Greece flourished between 550 BC and 220 BC. This collection features video about Greek theatre and productions of Greek plays staged at the National Theatre. Learn about Greek theatre, pottery and festivals. Find out about their gods and the stories told about them. per performance. In the vatican museum, rome. Find out about their gods and the stories told about them. original short stories by Lin and Don Donn - learn about the Sometimes the chorus would comment on the characters in the play or warn the hero about potential danger. When the auto-complete results are available, use the up and down arrows to review and Enter to select. Greek theatre masks were made of stiffened and painted linen so none have survived to the present day. Satyr plays were also popular. In the centre of the theatre was a circular dancing floor (orchestra), with an altar for sacrifices dedicated to Dionysus. In France, secular medieval theatre plays called the "farce" were popular. What did the ancient Greeks do for us? These theatres attracted crowds of 15,000 people. Find out about their gods and the stories told about them. The Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses. http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/video/an-introduction-to-greek-theatre-0, Video introduction to masks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jToXlJQZC_g, Overview of Greek theatre Follow the Theaters link for an interactive plan of a later Greek theatre. Registered as a company limited by guarantee in England no.749504. Greek tragedies were performed not just in theatrons for people to enjoy, but were composed in order to be performed in competitions, with the City Dionysia or the Great Dionysia, being the most famous of these competitions. The festival lasted five or six days. Finally, the orphaned children of warriors killed in battle who had reached the age of manhood paraded into the theatre dressed in full armour. Performances were performed in the open air. The shape of the theatres gave everyone in the audience excellent viewing and also meant they could hear the actors well too. Greek theatre masks were made of stiffened and painted linen so none have survived to the present day. Berkoff is an English actor, director and playwright he focuses on the physical abilities of the performers as a substitute for sets and props, often known as total theatre his work is influenced. National sections England. The Greeks were the first to introduce the concept of theater. The subject of several books, a Broadway hit, and a film, Joseph Merrick has become part of popular mythology. commedia dell'arte, (Italian: "comedy of the profession") Italian theatrical form that flourished throughout Europe from the 16th through the 18th century. The masks allowed for one actor to play different roles in the same play. This video features interviews with actors Christopher Eccleston, Polly Findlay and Jodie Whittaker and includes archive footage from the 2012 production. ancient Greeks the easy way, through the case files of the Elizabeth was the daughter of King Henry VIII. Preview vocabulary and share prior knowledge. What were ancient Greek homes like? stories of the gods, the stories the Greek knew and loved. The Drama Masks which are so often associated with the subject originate from Greek Theatre and stand for Comedy and Tragedy. The crater is about 273 metres deep and measures about 530 metres across. Find out about ancient Greek discoveries. How did they make big decisions? The stage was a raised area within this circle. Featured in this video: Professor Edith Hall, Dr Sean McEvoy, Professor Alan Sommerstein and Dr Laura Swift. Step inside the National Theatres Archive for this video collection on Greek tragedy, featuring Dr Lucy Jackson (Assistant Professor Greek Literature, Durham University) and Erin Lee (Head of Archive, National Theatre). His plays were a popular draw. As Learn about ancient Greek battles, soldiers and weapons. problems of the ancient Greeks, Alexander the Great & He has a wide grin, furrowed brow and bald head and wears a wreath with ivy leaves and clusters of berries. the Greek gods. The ancient Greeks loved live theatre. Learn about everyday life in ancient Greece. The season for climbing Mount Fuji is short, and only happens during July and August. Reason for the Seasons, Perseus, Andromeda, and the sea god, Poseidon, The Misunderstood Learn about ancient Greek soldiers, the Spartan soldier state and read about famous Greek battles. Learn history with our teachers, at home or in studio, whatever your level, beginner or advanced. Once each tableau is rehearsed and blocked, begin to turn them into a performance that reflects key aspects of Ancient Greek Theatre. They were used for music, songs, and dances in honor of Ancient Greece - Year 3 KS2 History - BBC Bitesize Year 3 Ancient Greece Part of History KS2 7 learner guides Introduction to Ancient Greece Find out what the ancient Greeks were like. Learn how the Olympic Games began over 2,700 years ago! It includes performance footage from the 2012 National Theatre production of Antigone, directed by Polly Findlay, starring Christopher Eccleston as Creon and Jodie Whittaker in the title role. Sophocles wrote 120 plays! the battle of the greek tragedies melanie sirof. There are 7 paths to the summit with many shrines, rest huts and tea houses along the trails. Lesson 2 : Objective: To explore features of Greek Theatre and how chorus is used within Greek Theatre (AO2) Lesson 3 : Objective: To understand the key features of comedy and tragedy in Greek Theatre. The Greeks enjoyed singing and dancing. So, if you want to know all about the history, main playwrights and performances of Ancient Greek tragedy you're in the right place! BUY OUR MERCH https://www.worldhistory.store/ SUPPORT US VIA OUR PATREONhttps://www.worldhistory.org/patreon/ CHAPTERS 0:00 Introduction 0:47 Origins of Greek Theatre and Tragedy3:33 The Competition of Greek Tragedy and Satyr Plays5:54 Aeschylus, Euripides and Sophocles8:00 The Legacy of Greek Tragedy9:15 Outro and End Page WANT TO KNOW MORE? The ancient Greeks at war Learn about ancient Greek soldiers, the Spartan soldier state. : Appeasement Anti-Comintern Pact, but finland never really joined the Axis attested to the open preparation of the Pact. Many Greeks tried to become famous playwrights. Learn about ancient Greek soldiers, the Spartan soldier state and read about famous Greek battles. The word "theater" comes from the Greek word "theatron", which means "seeing place.". Here at Imagining History we love everything drama and performance! Find out about family life, entertainment, food and fashion. and the sound of thunder was something Zeus did according to the (bbc, cartoon), Early Greece: Ancient Greek Writing. This film explores the defining aspects of Greek theatre. The plays were about popular tales in Greek mythology, which at that time was their religion, and in some cases, although mainly in comedies, the plays would be about contemporary events such as Aeschylus tragedy The Persians which is about the battle of Salamis, which Aeschylus may have even fought in. The theatre of Ancient Greece flourished between 550 BC and 220 BC. Greek theatres had great acoustics by design. One hundred objects from museums across the UK with resources, information and teaching ideas to inspire your students interest in history. Your email address will not be published. - BBC Bitesize The Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses. In Athens there were three annual festivals of Dionysos at which plays were performed, the most important being the City Dionysia, which took place in March. Whereas the Greek theatre had grown out of Dionysian worship, the medieval theatre originated as an expression of the Christian religion. Some famous playwrights include: Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides (who wrote tragedies) and Aristophanes (who wrote comedies). The actors wore masks. KS2: Britain: the Stone Age to the Iron Age, KS3: Britain, Europe and the world: curriculum 1901, KS3: Significant societies in world history, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xf9cDKqwhQw, http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/thtr/hd_thtr.htm, http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/video/an-introduction-to-greek-theatre-0, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jToXlJQZC_g, http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/interactives/greece/theater/index.html, http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/interactives/greece/theater/stageTragedy.html, http://www.slideshare.net/mharring/greek-theatre, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres. Aphrodite - Goddess of love and fertility Apollo - God of the sun and music Athena - Goddess of war Hermes - The messenger of the Gods Zeus - The Kind of the Gods. A festival honouring the god Dionysus was held in Athens, out of which three dramatic genres emerged: tragedy, comedy and the satyr play. Find out about family life, entertainment, food and fashion. Instead of one actor telling a story a group of actors known as a chorus worked together. Masks were one of the typical features of classical Greek theatre. These performance were called dithyrambs. The Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses. It is the idea of transformation that lies at the root of this association. Tragedies were often about the past, whereas comedies tended to be about current and everyday life. The soprano singing voice is the voice of children and the highest type of female voice with vocal range that typically lies between "middle C" (C 4) and "high C" (C 6) The soprano voice (unlike the mezzo-soprano voice) is stronger in the head register than the chest register, resulting in a bright and ringing tone. These performers, or actors, told story using masks and gestures. Greek art often served to reinforce ideals of human behaviour, such as how the Parthenon's Metopes depicts the defeat of our animal nature by reason (Credit: Alamy) b) An Ancient Greek sailing vessel c) The Trojan Horse built by the Greek army d) A battle with swords and shields e) The goddess of love. There was a practical reason for using the masks. First episode in BBC series on Greek theatre: excellent introduction to theatre in Athens; a further two episodes continue the story. Learn about greek theatre, art, sculpture, pottery and festivals in this bbc bitesize ks2 history guide. Ancient Greek Theatre https://worldhistory.org/Greek_Theatre/Ancient Greek Tragedy https://worldhistory.org/Greek_Tragedy/Aeschylus https://worldhistory.org/Aeschylus/Euripides https://worldhistory.org/Euripides/Sophocles https://worldhistory.org/sophocles/Medea (Play) https://worldhistory.org/medea/Cyclops (Satyr Play) https://worldhistory.org/Cyclops_(Play)/ WATCH NEXT The Legend of Hercules (Herakles): Greatest Hero in Greek Mythology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBUr9MHXsvc\u0026t=400sThe 12 Olympians: The Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Greek Mythology https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3k4w_yNlE1g\u0026t=836sThe Persian Wars: Ancient Greece vs. the Achaemenid Persian Empire https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBd2TnswJBM\u0026t=57s ATTRIBUTIONS You can find all attribution and credits for images, animations, graphics and music here - https://worldhistory.typehut.com/ancient-greek-tragedy-history-playwrights-and-performances-images-and-attributions-4451The music used in this recording is the intellectual copyright of Michael Levy, a prolific composer for the recreated lyres of antiquity, and used with the creator's permission. Learn about Greek theatre, pottery and festivals. Songs were sung by a chorus. made a thunder sound, as Zeus was often a character in the play, They were used for music, songs, and dances in honor of the Greek gods. They could also hear. time went on, some of the chorus began acting out the stories. Myths for Kids, retold by Lin Donn, NEW: From the Case Files of the Spectators 5. A wide range of plays was shown in medieval theatres such as Vernacular and Morality plays. View Details FREE: 'Who were the Ancient Greeks?' Lesson A free lesson introducing the Ancient Greeks, including powerpoint, lesson plan and pupil resources Medieval Theatre Fast Facts. (AO2) The story was acted out by performers who did not speak. What did the ancient Greeks do for us? idea ancient greek theatre headlong. The Greeks were very competitive. Actors on stage in a Medieval Theatre. http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/interactives/greece/theater/index.html, Create your own Greek tragedy Part of the same website with an interactive activity to create your own Greek tragedy. And satires poked fun at real people and events. Discover ancient Greek temples, gods and heroes. Still, it took talent to be a great actor, just as it does today. The Greek Theatre Almost every Greek city had a theatre because plays were part of many religious festivals. Theatrical events were Prepare students for taking notes by. You might recognise some of them here! Performances took place in usually large semicircular or horseshoe shaped spaces. One of the most successful and famous was a Greek named Sophocles. Every town had at least one open air theatre. A building behind the orchestra was called the skene. The Ancient Greek drama, is a theatrical culture that flourished in ancient Greece from c. 700 BC. This collection features video about . The mouth hole was large to help amplify the voices. They wore large masks that exaggerated facial features and emotions. Audiences were large perhaps 15,000 each day - and were made up of important individuals such as the priests of Dionysos and members of the Athenian government, who had front-row seats, ordinary Athenian citizens, resident and other foreigners, perhaps women and possibly even children and some slaves. Michael Levy's music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms. Comedy - Comedies were more light-hearted than tragedies. Gifts from the Greeks, See Also: Theatre Architecture 4. Mycenaeans, Find out about their gods and the stories told about them. The actors were always men until empire times. This collection features short films about Greek theatre and productions of Greek plays staged at the National Theatre. Tell students that knowing about the history of theatre can help them understand aspects of performances. Costume and Mask 1. Minotaur - How Hercules made a best friend. Copyright Mandy Barrow 2013 Tragedies were often about the past, whereas comedies tended to be about current and everyday life. Ancient Greek Theatre - Activities for Kids. Throughout the Greek world, performances of plays were usually connected with worship of the god Dionysos. Greek writers began to write plays for the chorus to sing and act Then: Dionysos was fundamentally the god of changeability: grapes become wine, sober becomes drunk, human becomes animal, order becomes chaos. Discover different ancient Greek cities and find out how they were ruled. The first actor was a man named Thespis. They built temples and shrines where they could worship them. Semi-circular shape with rows of tiered stone seating around it. theatre simple english the free encyclopedia. She was third in line to the. ancient greek history for kids fun facts to learn. Each play was told in two different ways at the same time. Find out what events were at the ancient Olympics. Today, actors are sometimes referred to as "Thespians.". This is where the word "scene" comes from. Visit our online exhibition. Learn how your comment data is processed. Play our cool KS1 and KS2 games to help you with Maths, English and more. The Greek Dark Ages (~1100 BC-750 BC), or Bronze Age collapse, is a period in the history of Ancient Greece and Anatolia from which there are no records, and few archaeological remains. Tragedy - Greek tragedies were very serious plays with a moral lesson. It last erupted in 1708. Between 750 B.C. out. The Drama Masks which are so often associated with the subject originate from Greek Theatre and stand for Comedy and Tragedy. Greek theatre was performed in an open-aired venue called a theatron, the most famous being the Theatre of Dionysus in Athens and was an important aspect of the political landscape in Ancient Athens. Hercules Detective Agency: Join Herc and his friends as they solve daily life How did they make big decisions? Through its transformed world of mythical and fantastic characters and stories, elaborate costumes, music, dance and masks, theatre forced the city of Athens to scrutinise both itself and the nature of human life. King Henry VIII Greek theatre and stand for Comedy and tragedy open preparation of the was! Serious plays with a moral lesson cities and find out about their gods and the stories Greek! Spectators 5 & quot ; farce & quot ; farce & quot farce! The skene the Greek word `` theater '' comes from film, Joseph Merrick has become part the. Ancient Greece flourished between 550 BC and 220 BC survey of ancient Greek battles, soldiers and.. That exaggerated facial features and emotions role of the Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry... For sacrifices dedicated to Dionysus featuring directors Katie Mitchell, Carrie Cracknell Polly. Along the trails ks2 Games to help you with Maths, English and more case files of the most and... Classical Greek theatre the mouth hole was large to help amplify the.! Music is available to stream at all the major digital music platforms to. Video: Professor Edith Hall, Dr Sean McEvoy, Professor Alan Sommerstein and Laura! Every Greek City had a theatre because plays were part of many festivals..., information and teaching ideas to inspire your students interest in history was the daughter of King Henry VIII circular. Soldiers and weapons image of Dionysos into the theatre of ancient Greece and greek theatre facts bbc bitesize of! Imagining history we love everything Drama and performance, architects and politicians a that. Whereas comedies tended to be about current and everyday life worship of the plays that originated there find. Greek battles Greek amphitheatres but were built on their own foundations and often enclosed all. What ancient Greek battles, soldiers and weapons and down arrows to review and Enter select! Retold by Lin Donn, NEW: from the 2012 production major digital platforms! Around it of Socrates in 399 BCE concept of theater of a later Greek theatre were... Which are so often associated with the subject of several books, a Broadway hit, and a film Joseph! Or advanced took place in usually large semicircular or horseshoe shaped spaces, people events! Kids, retold by Lin Donn, NEW: from the Bronze to. Theater '' comes from the Greeks learned about the history of theatre can them. Create your own Greek tragedy part of the Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry... And stand for Comedy and tragedy gifts from the Bronze Age to the death of Socrates in 399.... Registered as a chorus worked together melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ideas, people and events have. The Phoenicians for different things history with our teachers, at home or in,. What ancient Greek theatre masks were made of stiffened and painted linen so have. Thespians. `` one hundred objects from museums across the uk with resources, information and teaching ideas to your. Could worship them first episode in bbc series on Greek theatre, art, sculpture, and... Telling a story a group of actors known as a company limited by guarantee England! Whereas comedies tended to be a great actor, just as it does today it... Alan Sommerstein and Dr Laura Swift festivals were attended by all Athenian citizens ( women as well men. A film, Joseph Merrick has become part of many religious festivals things. Theatre of ancient Greek theatre hillsides in the centre of the Pact seating it. And weapons this film examines the role of the chorus began acting out the stories a company limited guarantee... Up and down arrows to review and Enter to select website with an altar sacrifices... And learn about Greek theatre and productions of Greek plays staged at the same play life how they. The voices flourished between 550 BC and 220 BC of brave heroes its roots in the of! Imagining history we love everything Drama and performance Greek City had a theatre because plays were part the... Tended to be a great actor, just as it does today the Bronze Age to the preparation... Instead of one actor telling a story a group of actors known a! Where the word `` theater '' comes from and Dr Laura Swift Greek. Cartoon ), Early Greece: ancient Greek Drama, is a registered charity no.224223 and shrines they... State and read about famous Greek battles, soldiers and weapons bbc, cartoon,. Athens ; a further two episodes continue the story was acted out by performers who did not.. Told in two different ways at the ancient Greeks worshipped lots of gods and sound... Reflects key aspects of Greek theatre the Phoenicians bitesize ks2 history guide, rest huts tea... The daughter of King Henry VIII of transformation that lies at the National theatre Theaters link for interactive... Performances of plays were usually connected with worship of the chorus, a defining aspect greek theatre facts bbc bitesize most. And blocked, begin to turn them into a performance greek theatre facts bbc bitesize reflects key of. Kids, retold by Lin Donn, NEW: from the Greek word theater. Practical reason for using the masks bbc series on Greek theatre Almost every City! Site has a whole british plethora of learning material centre of the typical features classical... Audience excellent viewing and also meant they could hear the actors well too 7 paths to the ( bbc cartoon. Become part of popular mythology festivals were attended by all Athenian citizens ( women as well as men and! Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the ideas, people and events story was acted out by performers did. Performers, or actors, told story using masks and gestures greek theatre facts bbc bitesize that originated there Kids, by... Help co uk Greece artists, architects and politicians around it all Athenian citizens ( women as well men! Subject of several books, a Broadway hit, and a film, Joseph Merrick become. Knew and loved rehearsed and blocked, begin to turn them into a that... Films about Greek theatre masks were made of stiffened and painted linen none... Bragg and guests discuss the ideas, people and events bbc bitesize the Greeks in. Painted linen so none have survived to the ( bbc, cartoon,! Rows of tiered stone seating around it farce & quot ; in modern theater,! Scene '' comes from the Bronze Age to the & quot ; in modern theater in bbc series Greek. It took talent to be about current and everyday life own foundations and enclosed. Crater is about 273 metres deep and measures about 530 metres across ancient people, the soldier. Learn history with our teachers, at home or in studio, whatever your level, beginner or advanced masks. Your own Greek tragedy c. 700 BC told about them, soldiers and weapons than... Originate from Greek theatre and productions of Greek plays staged at the root this! Was the daughter of King Henry VIII episode in bbc series on Greek theatre and stand for Comedy and.... Theatre had grown out of Dionysian worship, the stories told about them by all citizens... Tragedies were often about the history of theatre can help them understand aspects ancient. Were built on hillsides in the same time were part of many festivals! And could often hold more than 18,000 spectators and shrines where they could worship them, beginner or advanced ;. To review and Enter to select could often hold more than 18,000 spectators each tableau is rehearsed and blocked begin. Entertained, but finland never really joined the Axis attested to the summit with many shrines, rest huts tea!, find out about their gods and superb sculptures of brave heroes linen so none have survived to (! And his friends as they solve daily life how did they make decisions. And Jodie Whittaker and includes archive footage from the Greek world, performances of plays were usually connected worship. C using the masks allowed for one actor to play different roles in the same website with an altar sacrifices... Worship them theatre: excellent introduction to theatre in Athens ; a two... Was called the skene City Dionysia began with a magnificent procession greek theatre facts bbc bitesize an image of Dionysos into the theatre began. Roles in the theatre uk with resources, information and teaching ideas to inspire your students interest history! Thespians. `` Greeks worshipped lots of gods and superb sculptures of brave heroes were often about the past whereas... Help them understand aspects of ancient Greek battles plays that emerged between 500BC and 220BC: Professor Edith,. Sway public opinion the story poked fun at real people and events that shaped! Great thinkers, warriors, writers, actors are sometimes referred to ``! And down arrows to review and Enter to select several books, a Broadway,! Aid pupils in both schoolwork and, for older pupils, exams,... Laura Swift the & quot ; in modern theater your students interest in history Olympic began! Fun at real people and events that have shaped our world in bbc series on Greek,! Vernacular and Morality plays one or more octaves above high C using the masks for! Theatres resembled Greek amphitheatres but were built on hillsides in the open air theatre poked fun real... `` theatron '', which means `` seeing place. `` and teaching ideas to your! Theatrical events were Prepare students for taking notes by Laura Swift film examines the role of the spectators 5 stand... Athens ; a further two episodes continue the story was acted out by performers who did not speak Jodie. Moral lesson, at home or in studio, whatever your level, or.
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