[7] They say that evidence links corporal punishment of students to a number of adverse outcomes, including: "increased aggressive and destructive behaviour, increased disruptive classroom behaviour, vandalism, poor school achievement, poor attention span, increased drop-out rate, school avoidance and school phobia, low self-esteem, anxiety, somatic complaints, depression, suicide and retaliation against teachers". This document, in which the European Human Rights Commission ruled in 1986 that the case was inadmissible, describes the two-stroke caning of an 11-year-old boy in 1979 for throwing a conker at a girl, breaking her glasses. [102][103][104] In 2019, the Law on the Prohibition of Ordinary Educational Violence eventually banned all corporal punishment in France, including schools and the home.[105]. As far as is known, corporal punishment was nowhere systematically made a matter of choice either for parents or students, as is nowadays routine in some American schools. "The punishments in French schools are impositions and confinements."--. [93][94][95], A 1998 study found that random physical punishment (not proper formal corporal punishment) was being used extensively by teachers in Egypt to punish behavior they regarded as unacceptable. The method has been criticised by some children's rights activists who claim that many cases of corporal punishment in schools have resulted in physical and mental abuse of schoolchildren. WebWhat was corporal punishment in schools in England? [21] In mainland China, corporal punishment in schools was outlawed in 1986,[22] although the practice remains common, especially in rural areas. In some Middle Eastern countries whipping is used. Some of the rugby shorts seen here probably cover painful "tramlines" acquired during a recent visit to the headmaster's study -- in some cases perhaps voluntarily. [198][199], Sometimes, a long ruler was used on the bare legs or hands instead of a cane. In fact neither of them ever did receive the belt. In 18 U.S. states, corporal punishment is lawful in both public and private schools. 9146/80 No LEA banned corporal punishment altogether until 1979/80, when three Labour-controlled outer London boroughs took the abolitionist plunge, followed more famously in 1981 by the huge, Labour-controlled Inner London Education Authority (ILEA), which covered 12 London boroughs, a population of nearly 3 million, and getting on for 1,000 schools. If the modern system of "school choice" had been in operation then -- or even if the local education authority had made an effort quietly to find ways of satisfying the requirements of a tiny number of (in my personal view) cranky parents, instead of being so arrogant and rigid about the whole thing -- the case would never have got off the ground and things might have gone differently over the last 40 years. [212], By the 1970s, in the wake of the protest about school corporal punishment by thousands of school pupils who walked out of school to protest outside the Houses Of Parliament on 17 May 1972, corporal punishment was toned down in many state-run schools, and whilst many only used it as a last resort for misbehaving pupils, some state-run schools banned corporal punishment completely, most notably, London's Primary Schools, who had already began phasing out corporal punishment in the late 1960s. See news report of 14 November 1992, Public schoolboy awarded 8,000 for caning ordeal, which includes a picture of Matthew, by then aged 25. I have heard of at least one Birmingham secondary modern school in the 1960s where this caning allegedly took place "there and then", in front of the members of the "court", but I suspect this, if true, was quite unusual. It suggests that over a long period the idea that schoolteachers are to be regarded as in effect "substitute parents", and therefore should have the same disciplinary powers in law as parents, became gradually more and more questioned by the public, at least as far as ordinary day schools are concerned (the concept has always seemed to make more sense in relation to boarding schools). [110][111], In the law of the Republic of Ireland, corporal punishment was prohibited in 1982 by an administrative decision of John Boland, the Minister for Education, which applied to national schools (most primary schools) and to secondary schools receiving public funding (practically all of them). WebThe movie is set in a girl's high school, where the teachers liberally dish out corporal punishment, like beatings, on the students. WebPunishments in schools is a large area of dispute and has been for decades. The case concerned two Scottish boys whose parents refused to allow them to be given the belt at school. A humorous take on how to bend over for the cane, from Terry Deary, "Cruel Crime And Painful Punishment", illustrated by Mike Phillips, in the "Horrible Histories" series, Scholastic Children's Books, London, 2002. The term corporal punishment derives from the Latin word for the "body", corpus. In these schools the punishment might be applied either to hands (especially in the case of girls) or to behinds, often depending on the whim of the teacher. [47][48], Legislation also varies among states and territories with regard to corporal punishment meted out to children in other care settings. To that extent the plaintiffs, who had initially claimed a breach of Article 3 ("inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment"), in fact lost their case, a fact almost unnoticed when the outcome was reported. In 2014, the Ministry of Human Resources Development issued guidance ("Advisory for Eliminating Corporal Punishment in Schools under Section 35(1) of the RTE Act 2009") which sets out the national law relevant to corporal punishment in schools, the international human rights standards, steps that may be taken to promote positive child WebWhat was corporal punishment in schools in England? The cane was also not uncommon, at least up to the late 1970s, in many mixed-sex schools, whether comprehensive or selective, though boys generally needed a lot more disciplining than girls. It remains commonplace in a number of countries in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East (see list of countries, below). According to the AAP and the Society for Adolescent Medicine, these injuries have included bruises, abrasions, broken bones, whiplash injury, muscle damage, brain injury, and even death. The boy's mother removed him from the school shortly afterwards, but persisted with this legal action, which must have cost the taxpayer many thousands of pounds. [7], A number of international human-rights organizations including the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have stated that physical punishment of any kind is a violation of children's human rights.[37][38][39]. ), The state education system in England and Wales used to be highly decentralised, and there were always wide variations of practice between schools, even between different schools of the same kind in the same area. [82][83] This was used on boys and girls alike. The Compulsory Education Law of 1986 states: "It shall be forbidden to inflict physical punishment on students". The schools claimed that their "freedom of belief", as protected by human rights legislation, was infringed because it was their Christian belief that naughty children should be spanked. Around 80% of the boys and 60% of the girls were punished by teachers using their hands, sticks, straps, shoes, punches, and kicks as most common methods of administration. "Bend over!" With the troubles with some pupils at some schools that you hear about on the News, the "Pants-down" punishment, not unknown in some private schools, was almost unheard of in the state sector in relatively modern times, especially from the 1960s onwards. L. Rev. [156][157] Harsh caning of girls and boys remains very common in schools. 294 of 2002 gives the authority to order corporal punishment to the headmaster of a school, who can delegate to any teacher on a case-by-case basis. Others, though, including probably most politicians and "experts", will still defend abolition as the right decision on balance, or at least as inevitable under European human-rights legislation. By 2016, an estimated 128 countries had prohibited corporal punishment in schools, including all of Europe, and most of South America and East Asia. Most had anticipated the legislation and abandoned CP voluntarily several years earlier. [148] Balochistan tried to ban the practice in 2011 and Punjab tried to ban it in 2012, but neither bill passed the respective provincial assembly. [19] Her approach is an extreme "children's rights" one - she clearly holds that it is quite immaterial what the teachers and parents might think, and that the child's supposed "right" not to be spanked overrides anything his parents say. Some restricted the number of staff permitted to inflict CP, e.g. [49] According to the Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, "Prohibition is still to be achieved in the home in all states/territories and in alternative care settings, day care, schools and penal institutions in some states/territories". [189] Standard instructions for teachers provided by the Ministry of Science and Education state that a teacher who has used corporal punishment to a pupil (even once), shall be dismissed. In Scotland, it was banned in 2000, and in Northern Ireland in 2003. This right includes a non-violent education and upbringing Consequently, all forms of physical and humiliating punishment are prohibited". [115] This decision repealed section 7 of article 27 of the Civil Wrongs Ordinance 1944, which provided a defence for the use of corporal punishment in childrearing, and stated that "the law imposes an obligation on state authorities to intervene in the family unit and to protect the child when necessary, including from his parents. (At my own similarly ancient grammar school, this practice was said to have been stopped in the 1940s.) According to one report, corporal punishment is a key reason for school dropouts and subsequently, street children, in Pakistan; as many as 35,000 high school pupils are said to drop out of the education system each year because they have been punished or abused in school. The only thing on which everybody seems to agree is that, for better or worse, there is no realistic prospect of CP ever being restored in Britain. This important document is the full Law Lords ruling in the case brought by a group of Christian schools against the 1998 legislative ban on corporal punishment in all schools, even private ones. From the 1917 Russian revolution onwards, corporal punishment was outlawed in the Soviet Union, because it was deemed contrary to communist ideology. See for instance this Nov 1997 news item about an under-achieving 13-year-old whose parents sent him to school in Ghana, with miraculous results, and this similar Nov 2007 report in which a British 17-year-old, sent away, also to Ghana, to study for his GCSEs, admitted he had been caned there several times and agreed he was benefiting academically from the novel experience of strict discipline. [23][89], Colombian private and public schools were banned from using "penalties involving physical or psychological abuse" through the Children and Adolescents Code 2006, though it is not clear whether this also applies to indigenous communities. WebBeyond this, even in countries where corporal punishment is not part of the justice system, such as China, it is still largely used within family homes and many schools. There was the odd exception like Northwich Girls' Grammar School; but even there, the formidable Miss Janet Dines claimed she had hardly used the cane in ten years before the event that got her into all the newspapers in 1976. [121][122], Caning, usually applied to the palm or clothed bottom, is a common form of discipline in Malaysian schools. In Manchester it seems to have been left up to individual schools, with a culprit at boys-only establishments such as St Augustines RC being asked to bend over a chair to be strapped, while his opposite number at one of the city's mainstream co-ed schools would often have to hold out his hands, following the Newcastle/Scotland model. Web(1) Corporal punishment given by, or on the authority of, a member of staff to a child (a) for whom education is provided at any school, or (b) for whom education is provided, A retrospective myth seems to have grown up in some quarters that this issue was one of the causes of eventual total abolition, but I know of absolutely no evidence for this claim. Of course, we must always remember that the CP cases that got into the courts and/or into the newspapers were, more or less by definition, highly untypical. This article gives a first-person account of slippering practice at a traditional boys' grammar school (ages 11 to 18 inclusive) in the 1960s, at which the cane was administered in the office for serious offences, but the slipper, applied in the classroom by individual teachers, was much more prevalent. There had been disputes about CP since the early days of universal state education. [84][80][85], In 2004 (Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v. Canada), the Supreme Court of Canada outlawed corporal punishment in all schools, public or private. [6] It lets school officials stand in for parents as comparable authority figures. It is not clear how long this eccentric policy lasted: MGS seems to have reverted to caning by the postwar era and was certainly caning boys in the 1970s. WebNew laws which came into force at midnight allow mild smacking but criminalise any physical punishment which causes visible bruising. Of course, a prefect in any school could always send an errant student to the headmaster, which at some schools would automatically mean a caning, and in some cases the prefect might be required to witness the castigation. There are actually three different opinions here, by three judges who appear somewhat to disagree with each other, arriving at the same conclusion by different routes. Attempts to push through local bans in Cardiff (1968) and Liverpool had both collapsed in the face of hostility from head teachers. The author finds that, "far from being a relic of a cruel Victorian past, corporal punishment became more frequent and institutionalised in 20th-century England", but seems to overlook the obvious fact that the main reason it became more prevalent was that the number of secondary-school students soared, as the age up to which education was compulsory was steadily increased by law over the decades. [113], A 1994 Supreme Court ruling in The State of Israel v Alagani declared that "corporal punishment cannot constitute a legitimate tool in the hands of teachers or other educators", applicable to both state and private schools. Opponents, including many medical and psychological societies, along with human-rights groups, argue that physical punishment is ineffective in the long term, interferes with learning, leads to antisocial behavior as well as causing low self-esteem and other forms of mental distress, and is a form of violence that breaches the rights of children. More often, though, "getting the cane" was a punishment that (unlike detention) at least had the advantage, from the student's point of view, that with any luck one's parents might not get to hear about it. Application No. [124] In November 2007, in response to a perceived increase in indiscipline among female students, the National Seminar on Education Regulations (Student Discipline) passed a resolution recommending allowing the caning of girls at school. removal from a class or group. [36], According to the AAP, research shows that corporal punishment is less effective than other methods of behaviour management in schools, and "praise, discussions regarding values, and positive role models do more to develop character, respect, and values than does corporal punishment". [7] The AAP recommends a number of alternatives to corporal punishment including various nonviolent behaviour-management strategies, modifications to the school environment, and increased support for teachers. But anti-CP campaigners used to complain that aggrieved parents rarely got a fair hearing in the courts. Education Act 1996, section 548 Also, some schools, even new-built comprehensive ones, introduced a system of "students' courts" at which a recommendation for CP might be one of the "sentencing" options available, but this was subject to confirmation by the teachers in charge, and it would be a member of staff who delivered the actual punishment. [152][153], Corporal punishment was banned in Soviet (and hence, Russian) schools immediately after the Russian Revolution. Some (Barnet, Brent, Clwyd, Derbyshire, Mid-Glamorgan, Oxfordshire) forbade the caning of girls other than on their hands while explicitly stating that boys could be disciplined either on the hands or on the clothed buttocks. WebSchool corporal punishment: The High School Cane: a Eulogy, a thoughtful comment on the cane's usefulness and efficacy in keeping mischievous teenage schoolboys in order, At many schools these formal canings would be administered privately, often in the head's or deputy head's office or in the staffroom. No source is cited for this claim. The dissenting judges argued that the ritualised nature of the punishment, given after several days and without parental consent, should qualify it as "degrading punishment".[218]. The Friends Reunited evidence It was not completely abolished everywhere [9], Poland was the first nation to outlaw corporal punishment in schools in 1783. If challenged on the legality of this (as far as we know they never were), teachers would probably claim that they did not need to be entered in the book because they did not constitute formal CP. [201], In Scotland, a leather strap, the tawse (sometimes called a belt), administered to the palms of the hands, was universal in state schools,[202][203] but some private schools used the cane. a letter home. Only two LEAs laid down a maximum number of strokes (East Sussex, 3 strokes; Durham, 6 strokes). In Ukraine, "physical or mental violence" against children is forbidden by the Constitution (Art.52.2) and the Law on Education (Art.51.1, since 1991) which states that students and other learners have the right "to the protection from any form of exploitation, physical and psychological violence, actions of pedagogical and other employees who violate the rights or humiliate their honour and dignity". to the head teacher and those specifically delegated by him or her. WebIn the mid-20th century, discipline and punishment in English schools was relatively benign. Reading between the lines, I wonder whether the whole thing was pursued by the mother rather against the boy's wish, and since by the time the case reached Strasbourg he had become an adult, he was able to decide for himself to back out. An outlier in this regard was Royal Grammar School in High Wycombe, where big boys were empowered to formally slipper smaller ones until as recently as 1965. Clearly, it is widely felt that the anarchy and chaos now evidently prevailing in so many state schools -- and the poor educational standards that result -- are due at least in part to the enforced absence of corporal punishment. 18 required the act to be done in private; 10 mandated a witness to be present. [134][135][136][137][138] This was abolished in practice in 1987. DFEECircular No 10/98 argue that it provides an immediate response to indiscipline so that the student is quickly back in the classroom learning, unlike suspension from school. In the relatively few places in England where the leather strap (tawse) rather than the cane was the instrument of choice, it too might be administered to the buttocks, at any rate for boys (as in Walsall and Gateshead), but in other places (e.g. [11] And according to the Society for Adolescent Medicine, "The use of corporal punishment in schools promotes a very precarious message: that violence is an acceptable phenomenon in our society. [UPDATE: This is more or less what later happened in Williamson, the "Christian schools" case, see above.]. "I'd pull their tracksuits down and cane their bare bottoms until their cheeks burned red and they wept with pain and shame", she wrote in the influential Daily Mail. [13], Britain itself outlawed the practice in 1987 for state schools[14][15][16] and more recently, in 1998, for all private schools.[17][18]. "[116] Soon after, a new Pupils' Rights Law, 5760-2000 established (art. Liberal regions in South Korea have completely banned all forms of caning beginning with Gyeonggi Province in 2010, followed by Seoul Metropolitan City, Gangwon Province, Gwangju Metropolitan City and North Jeolla Province in 2011. R v Secretary of State for Education and Employment and Others ex parte Williamson and Others However, teachers in New Zealand schools had the right to use what the law called reasonable force to discipline students, mainly with a strap, cane or ruler, on the bottom or the hand. Corporal punishment was banned in Soviet (and hence, Ukrainian) schools in 1917. ", "Flashback: Corporal punishment in school was lawful until 1990", "The cane and the strap Hard News Public Address", "Education Act 1989 - New Zealand Legislation", "202C: Assault with weapon - Crimes Act 1961 No 43 as of 18 April 2012 - New Zealand Legislation", "School in corporal punishment spotlight", Corporal punishment of children in Norway, "PAKISTAN: Corporal punishment key reason for school dropouts", Corporal punishment of children in the Russian Federation, "DCI Sierra Leone urges the Government to prohibit: "all corporal punishment of children", "Sierra Leone | Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children", "To hit or not to hit: The use of the cane in schools in Sierra Leone", "SCHOOL CORPORAL PUNISHMENT: Video clip: Sierra Leone", "WORLD CORPORAL PUNISHMENT WEB LINKS: corporal punishment in schools", "Speech by Mr Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Acting Minister for Education", "Singapore: Corporal punishment in schools", "South African Schools Act, 1996, Chapter 2: Learners, Section 10: Prohibition of corporal punishment", "CORPORAL PUNISHMENT: video clips: schoolgirl canings in South Korea", "SCHOOL CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN SOUTH KOREA", Global Initiative to End Corporal Punishment - Spain State Report, "Changing concepts of Grammar School teacher authority in Sweden 1927-1965", "Corporal punishment of children in Thailand", "WORLD CORPORAL PUNISHMENT: COUNTRY FILES, INCLUDING REGULATIONS, DESCRIPTIONS AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS - page 3: countries T to Z", "In Thailand, Students Take on the Military (and 'Death Eaters')", "Strict discipline at Thai schools by Richard McCully", "Many Thais favour use of cane for unruly youths: poll", "SCHOOL CORPORAL PUNISHMENT: video clips: Thailand 3", "Teacher in hot water for caning students 100 to 300 times", "End pupils' fear of teachers' canes (2018)", http://www.khda.gov.ae/pages/en/commonQuestionssch.aspx, "Corporal punishment ban makes discipline 'almost impossible' say UAE teachers", "UAE teacher banned after forcing child to remove shirt in class", "On this day: 25 February 1982: Parents can stop school beatings", "From the Archive - Caning 'scandal' in London", "2 Occasional Paper No 7: Discipline, Rules and Punishments in Schools", "Behave or bend over for the slipper: UK Grammar School life in the 1960s", "Sex discrimination laws prevented ban on the belt for girls, reveal archives", "Parents praise head who admitted caning girl pupils", "I was belted at school. 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