Of that segment that was educated abroad, 42 percent arrived in the United States with an undergraduate degree and another 38 percent had completed a graduate or professional degree before their arrival. Mexico is the top origin country of the U.S. immigrant population. 12 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote? Of course, the composition of ones social networks is likely to be affected by their location. By region of birth, immigrants from Asia combined accounted for 28% of all immigrants, close to the share of immigrants from Mexico (25%). At the time of the survey, more than half (55 percent) of Indian Americans reported that they had an immediate family member (spouse, mother, father, brother, sister, son, or daughter) currently residing in India. The interactive map below visualizes all of them based on their prior country of residence. Seventy-six percent believe there is a similar degree of discrimination against Hispanic people, while 71 percent say the same about discrimination against people of Asian origin.47. Many Indian immigrants might have brought with them identities rooted in their ancestral homeland, while others have eschewed them in favor of a nonhyphenated American identity. 5 Devesh Kapur and Jashan Bajwa, A Study of Poverty in the Indian American Population, Johns Hopkins-SAIS, October 2020, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qCf6RE2L2FpvA6mny2Y_Xtof_zdJpFdC/view. Indian Americans exhibit high rates of marriage and low rates of divorce. However, todays immigrant share remains below the record 14.8% share in 1890, when 9.2 million immigrants lived in the U.S. Among all immigrants, those from South Asia (71%) were the most likely to have a bachelors degree or more. 16 Of those born outside of the United States, 80 percent were born in India. U.S.-born citizens report the highest levels of civic engagement, followed by foreign-born citizens and, in all categories save for one, non-citizens report the lowest levels of civic engagement. Fewer than one in ten respondents (9 percent) do not participate in any of these seven holidays. For instance, do respondents feel more Indian than American, more American than Indian, equally Indian and American, or neither Indian nor American? rise in the number from Central America and Asia. These are not merely academic questions. A few findings merit attention. In order to be eligible to serve as a respondent for the IAAS, members of YouGovs panel must self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin who resides in the United States. A quarter said legal immigration to the U.S. should be decreased (24%), while one-third (38%) said immigration should be kept at its present level and almost another third (32%) said immigration should be increased. While this does not necessarily mean that two-thirds of Indian Americans are disconnected from their community, it does suggest that formal participation is somewhat limited. If one restricts attention to respondents aged twenty-five and older, nearly 80 percent have either a college or postgraduate degree (compared to 73 percent in the overall sample). Specifically, this study addresses seven questions concerning the social realities of Indian Americans: This study is the third in a series of empirical papers on the Indian American community. How do they respond to the dual impulses of assimilation and integration? Predictably, responses vary by place of birth (see figure 13). Nearly one in four respondents reports no particular attachment to a state of origin. While the social realities of Indian Americans are often glossed over, recent events have brought them to the fore. These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. Among Republicans and Republican-leaning independents, 41% say immigrants strengthen the country, while 44% say they burden it. The main sample was matched to a frame corresponding to all adult Indian Americans, and the oversample was matched to a frame corresponding to Indian Americans ages eighteen to twenty-seven. While caste is most commonly associated with Hinduism, caste hierarchies and caste self-identification are prevalent in most, if not all, of Indias major religions. When it comes to discrimination experienced by Indian Americans, a significantly larger share of foreign-born Indian Americans (59 percent) state that they have not been discriminated against on any grounds in the past year, compared to just 36 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans (see figure 27). The modal responseselected by 38 percent of respondentsis that some of their friends are of Indian origin. 24 Christine Tamir, Aidan Connaughton, and Ariana Monique Salazar, The Global God Divide, Pew Research Center, July 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/. This section explores how Indian Americans view the subject of their own identity. By race and ethnicity, more Asian immigrants than Hispanic immigrants have arrived in the U.S. in most years since 2009. 10 Anna Purna Kambhampaty, At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who Counts as Asian. Although Indian American is a contested category, the survey attempts to understand how respondents perceive the push and pull between different aspects of their identity. Figure 30 provides the geographic distribution of survey respondents by state of residence. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America are less likely to be high school graduates than the U.S. born (54% and 47%, respectively, do not have a high school diploma, vs. 8% of U.S. born). Foreign-born population by . To what degree do Indian Americans engage with American politics, their civic community, and Indian culture? 23 Americas Changing Religious Landscape, Pew Research Center, May 12, 2015, https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/. Second, around one-third of Christians and Hindus and two-fifths of Muslims are situated in the middle, reporting that some of their Indian American networks are made up of friends of the same religion. In fiscal 2019, a total of 30,000 refugees were resettled in the U.S. The decline in the unauthorized immigrant population is due largely to a fall in the number from Mexico the single largest group of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. Follow. There does appear to be some variation based on respondents religious identity (see figure 7). The heightened levels of discrimination that U.S.-born respondents report compared to immigrants hold true across categorieswhether skin color, gender, religion, or even caste. In fiscal 2019, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border exceeded those of Mexicans for the fourth consecutive year. This is a list of U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net migration. In 2018, the top country of origin for new immigrants coming into the U.S. was China, with 149,000 people, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000) and the Philippines (46,000). This proportion declines dramatically for Hindus, with only 21 percent reporting regularly attending religious services. This project has been reviewed and approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board (Protocol #843855). Cubans are among the top five foreign-born groups in the South . The IAAS asks respondents how they self-identify; after all, identities are liminal and individuals might identify with any number of identity categories. What is also striking is how relatively small the differences are between respondents who identify with a caste versus those who do not. In 2018, 3.6 million people in New York (18 percent of the state's population) were native-born Americans who had at least one immigrant parent. Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. U.S. President Joe Biden remarked in a March 2021 phone call with Swati Mohan, an Indian-origin scientist charged with overseeing the highly anticipated landing of the Perseverance Mars rover for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Its amazing. 41 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks, Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 415444. Rounding out the list, 41 percent report celebrating Holi (the Indian festival of colors that traditionally marks the beginning of Spring), 39 percent celebrate Valentines Day, 35 percent mark Indian Independence Day (August 15), and 20 percent commemorate Eid. Given the fact that the majority of younger Indian Americans below age twenty-seven are born in the United States while the opposite is true of those above age twenty-seven, YouGov oversampled younger Indian Americans between the ages of eighteen and twenty-seven to ensure that the studys analyses can make inferences about generational differences within the Indian American community. In both instances, roughly three-quarters of perpetrators were identified as non-Indians. OCI status effectively functions as a lifetime visa and also grants recipients the ability to live and work in India on a permanent basis. 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA The February 2021 IAAS study examined the degree to which Indian Americans remain connected to India through cultural outlets such as Indian food, movies or television, and art, dance, or music.38 This paper looks at one additional aspect of cultural engagement: participation in select holidays regularly celebrated in India. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Business Insider identified the country of origin of the largest group of foreign-born residents in each state. Thirty-six percent say they are somewhat comfortable and 10 percent say they are not comfortable at all. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated, Time, March 12, 2020, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/. However, non-citizens and foreign-born citizens report nonparticipation at roughly twice the rate of U.S.-born citizens: 47 and 41 percent, respectively, compared to 22 percent of U.S.-born citizens. Independence Day (July 4) ranks second (57 percent), followed by Christmas (54 percent). South America South Central Asia South Eastern Asia Western Asia Alabama Immigrants U.S. born Mexico Guatemala India China/HK Korea Germany Vietnam Philippines United Kingdom Canada Honduras Jamaica Japan Colombia El Salvador Immigrants 20K 40K 60K Mapbox OSM Top 15 countries of birth Migration Policy Institute MPI Data Hub As a final step, the survey asks respondents whether they agree or disagree with the following statement: Overall, the Indian American community has a positive impact on U.S.-India relations. As of now, the community is quite bullish about the diasporas achievements in this regard. Check your email for details on your request. This study draws on a new source of empirical data to answer these and other questions. You guys are incredible.1, While some in the media interpreted Bidens off-the-cuff remark as an unfortunate gaffe, others viewed it as affirmation of the growing influence of the Indian American diaspora. 2 (2016): 283301. The first table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net domestic migration, while the second table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net international migration. At the other end of the spectrum, 24 percent of foreign-born respondents feel more Indian than American, a sentiment shared by just 11 percent of their U.S.-born counterparts. By contrast, more than half (57%) of immigrants who have lived in the U.S. for 20 years or more are proficient English speakers. The results are shown in figure 22. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 9, 2021, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800. From 1990 to 2007, the unauthorized immigrant population more than tripled in size from 3.5 million to a record high of 12.2 million in 2007. Between 1990 and 2000, the number of foreign born from India in the United States more than doubled. Respondents are classified as belonging to one of three categories: U.S.-born citizen, foreign-born citizen, and non-citizen. . Existing research has found that among major Asian American communities, Indian Americansboth men and womenhave the highest rate of endogamy (the custom of marrying within ones community) in both the first and second generations, although there is a noticeable increase in marriage outside of the community among members of the second generation.21. List of U.S. states and territories by net migration, "State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2021", "Net International Migration (change 20182019)", List of states and territories of the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_net_migration&oldid=1117397645, States of the United States-related lists, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 October 2022, at 14:19. There is surprisingly little systematic data about the everyday social realities that Indian Americans experience. Contributing financially to campaigns (14 percent), contacting an elected representative or government official (12 percent), and volunteering on a political campaign (9 percent) are less popular activities.36, As with civic engagement, U.S.-born citizens are the most engaged, followed by foreign-born citizens and non-citizens (see figure 15). The pattern is similar when it comes to caste, although nearly one-quarter of respondents claim they do not know what share of their friends belong to their caste group, suggesting that caste is a less salient category for a significant segment of IAAS respondents. Its findings are based on a nationally representative online survey of 1,200 Indian American residents in the United Statesthe 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey (IAAS)conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020, in partnership with research and analytics firm YouGov. Since 1975, Koreans have ranked among the top 5 groups of . Give Orange. 37 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, The Integration of Immigrants into American Society (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2015). On average, an H-1B visa holder reports living in the United States for eight years, although 36 percent of H-1B beneficiaries report spending more than a decade in the country (that is, they arrived before 2010). non-profit organization funded by charitable support and advertising. Chinese Americans are the largest Asian origin group in the U.S., making up 24% of the Asian population, or 5.4 million people. Respondents for this survey were recruited from an existing panel administered by YouGov. However, the magnitude of the effect is modest. Other popular home states include Delhi (9 percent), Punjab (8 percent), and Kerala (7 percent). Another 4 percent were born in the United States to parents also born in the United States. Members of the Indian American communityboth individually and collectivelyare mobilizing in response. Questions that measure social distance are often used to understand the salience of group identity and perceptions of group hierarchy, and as a basis of prediction of inter-group prejudice. As table 1 indicates, 77 percent of IAAS respondents are U.S. citizens, although there is significant variation within that category.16 Thirty-nine percent of all respondents immigrated to the United States and later became naturalized U.S. citizens. Twenty-six percent of U.S.-born citizens report taking part in voluntary service compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. Sixteen percent identify as a member of OBC and 1 percent each identify as Adivasi/Scheduled Tribe (ST) or Dalit/Scheduled Caste (SC). This could be the result of circumstance and context, or it could be the product of social distancethe relative distance that one feels toward members of an out-group (religious, ethnic, partisan, and so on) relative to members of ones own in-group. In cases where the respondent identifies with multiple states, both states are counted as a home state. Second, while respondents suggest Indians hold somewhat greater responsibility for engaging in discriminatory practices along religion and gender lines, here too they point mainly to non-Indians or a combination of Indians and non-Indians as primary sources of discrimination. This population includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents (LPRs), certain legal nonimmigrants (e.g., persons on student or work visas), those admitted under refugee or asylee status, and persons illegally residing in the United States. This study relied on a nonrepresentative snowball sampling method to recruit respondents. The backgrounds of children of immigrants' families vary by state and region. Ten percent of IAAS respondents identify as South Asian American, a term which refers to diaspora populations from countries across the region such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. To what extent does the community exhibit signs of shared solidarity, and are there signs of division as the group grows in number and diversity? One might expect, however, that the importance of a respondents Indian identity might vary by their place of birth. By the 1980s, Mexicans became the nation's largest immigrant group; by 2013, they were the largest immigrant group in 33 states. Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program and the host of the Grand Tamasha podcast at Carnegie, where he focuses on India's political economy, governance, state capacity, distributive politics, and electoral behavior. For instance, the category Other Backward Classes (OBC) is common among Muslims, while Scheduled Castes or Dalits can also be found in Buddhist, Sikh, Christian, and Muslim communities. Caste has long been a sensitive and controversial issue in discussions about the Indian American community. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, How Will Indian Americans Vote? Other states only made the top five list for short periods of time. Indianof descentAmericans are taking over the country: you, my vice president [Kamala Harris, whose mother was born in India], my speechwriter, Vinay [Indian American Vinay Reddy]. One percent of respondents point to some other factor. Immigration has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of the history of the United States.In absolute numbers, the United States has a larger immigrant population than any other country in the world, with 47 million immigrants as of 2015. Other regions contributing smaller percentages of immigrants included the Middle East and North Africa (4%), sub-Saharan Africa (5%), South America (7%), Central America (8%), the Caribbean (10%), and as well as Europe, Canada and other North America (13%). However, Hindus and Muslims exhibit less comfort when it comes to having close friends of the opposite faith. Eight out of ten respondents say they have a spouse or partner of Indian origin (ranging from 85 percent of foreign-born respondents to 71 percent of U.S.-born respondents). By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider To probe this issue, the survey provides respondents with eight identity categories and asks them which of the following best describes their background. India tops that list in 21 states. Among those immigrant populations, countries of origin also vary widely. 56 To find details on the Economist-YouGov collaboration or to compare some of the IAAS findings on Indian Americans with the American population more generally, visit https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results. Language and personal barriers, lack of interest and financial barriers are among the top reasons for choosing not to naturalize cited by Mexican-born green card holders, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey. In terms of attending religious services, there is also significant variation within the Indian American community. By the 1930s, Italians were the largest immigrant group in the nation and in nine states, including New York, Louisiana, New Jersey and Nevada. After all, for more than two decades, the Indian diaspora in the United States has been a critical bridge-builder between the two countries.52 But with divisions in the community more apparent and increasingly linked to political disputes in India, we have suggested elsewhere that the diasporas unity of purpose could suffer a setback.53. Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. . However, the results point in the opposite direction. We bring the best out of every single solitary culture in the world here in the United States of America, and we give people an opportunity to let their dreams run forward.2. However, immigrants were just as likely as the U.S. born to have a bachelors degree or more (32% and 33%, respectively). This emulates a standard set of survey questions that has long been asked by the Pew Research Center.23. In fact, that is precisely what the data suggest (see figure 10). The February 2021 IAAS paper found that almost seven in ten Hindus approve of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modis performance, while just one in five Muslims feel the same.34 However, without longitudinal data, it is unclear to what extent the religious divide reflects the specificities of the current contextin which Muslims in India feel especially marginalized and discriminated againstor is instead a product of longer-term trends. U.S.-born Indian Americans, however, are more likely to report a social network with a limited number of Indians (stating very few or none of their friends are of Indian origin) or to take the middle ground42 percent of them report that some of their friends are Indian origin, compared to 35 percent of foreign-born respondents.40. Overall, a majority of Americans have positive views about immigrants. Therefore, the sample size from which these percentages is derived is smalljust one-half of the overall IAAS sample. The five largest foreign-born groups in the United States, including those from Mexico, the Philippines, India, China, and Vietnam, account for 44 percent of the total immigrant population. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. For the 28 percent of respondents who perceive that polarization in India is impacting the diaspora community, the survey asks what specific features of Indias domestic politics are responsible (see figure 29). The reverse is true when it comes to identifying as Indian: the majority of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years (54 percent) feel most comfortable with this term, while that share declines to just 21 percent for those here for more than twenty-five years. Not surprisingly, of the non-U.S. citizen population, 88 percent of IAAS respondents claim Indian citizenship. The second-biggest immigrant group in Rhode Island comes from Portugal. According to data from the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS)which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureauthere are 4.2 million people of Indian origin residing in the United States. Formally, members of this group are referred to as Scheduled Castes. Saritha Rai, How Big Tech Is Importing Indias Caste Legacy to Silicon Valley, Bloomberg, March 11, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz. She studies misinformation, media effects, and political behavior and employs survey and experimental methods in her work. There is a separate table for the U.S. territories. Online panels are not the same as traditional, probability-based surveys. First, respondents overwhelmingly blame non-Indians when it comes to discrimination on the basis of country of origin or skin color. Immigration from Latin America slowed following the Great Recession, particularly for Mexico, which has seen both decreasing flows into the United States and large flows back to Mexico in recent years. Sumitra Badrinathan is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at Oxford University. 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